Should i take powerfull

You can do three things to help you remember your medicine:. Take it as soon as you remember and call your doctor. If it is time for the next dose, do not take a double dose. Even though you are taking your medicines every day, you may still develop rejection of the kidney transplant. You need to know your body very well. If you have any of the following, you should call your transplant center right away:. The transplant center will probably ask you to have some blood tests and maybe other tests.

The long-term success of your kidney transplant depends largely on careful follow-up and a good working relationship between you and your transplant team. One of the side effects of these drugs is an increased chance of infections.

This is more of a problem in the early period after a transplant or following treatment of a rejection because the dosage of these drugs is higher at these times. You should call the transplant center if you have:. The most common side effects of the immunosuppressant drugs are "stomach upset". If this happens, ask your doctor if you can space your medicine at different times to help with this problem. About 6 months to a year after transplant, the immunosuppression is usually lowered and the chance of side effects should be low.

If you still have side effects, speak to your transplant team to either change the dose or switch to a different medicine. Changes to immunosuppressant medicine should only be made after checking with your transplant center. This type of fracture is more common in the knee and shoulder joints Compression fracture — occurs when two bones are forced against each other.

The bones of the spine, called vertebrae, can have this type of fracture. Older people, particularly those with osteoporosis, are at higher risk. Complications of bone fractures Other problems caused by bone fracture can include: Blood loss — bones have a rich blood supply. A bad break can make you lose a large amount of blood Injuries to organs, tissues or surrounding structures — for example the brain can be damaged by a skull fracture.

First aid for bone fractures Good first-aid care of fractures is always important. If you suspect a bone fracture, you should: Keep the person still — do not move them unless there is an immediate danger, especially if you suspect fracture of the skull, spine, ribs, pelvis or upper leg Attend to any bleeding wounds first.

Stop the bleeding by pressing firmly on the site with a clean dressing. If a bone is protruding, apply pressure around the edges of the wound If bleeding is controlled, keep the wound covered with a clean dressing Never try to straighten broken bones For a limb fracture, provide support and comfort such as a pillow under the lower leg or forearm. However, do not cause further pain or unnecessary movement of the broken bone Apply a splint to support the limb. Splints do not have to be professionally manufactured.

Items like wooden boards and folded magazines can work for some fractures. You should immobilise the limb above and below the fracture Use a sling to support an arm or collarbone fracture Raise the fractured area if possible and apply a cold pack to reduce swelling and pain Stop the person from eating or drinking anything until they are seen by a doctor, in case they will need surgery In an emergency, call triple zero for an ambulance.

Diagnosis and treatment of bone fractures Doctors can diagnose bone fractures with x-rays. Depending on where the fracture is and how severe, treatment may include: Splints — to stop movement of the broken limb Braces — to support the bone Plaster cast — to provide support and immobilise the bone Traction — a less common option Surgically inserted metal rods or plates — to hold the bone pieces together Pain relief.

Operation procedure for bone fractures A cast made from plaster of Paris is one of the most common ways of immobilising a limb. Depending on the location and severity of the fracture, the operation procedures can include: Closed or simple fractures — the two ends of the broken bone are lined up and held in place. The limb is thoroughly bandaged, then the wet plaster is applied. Sometimes, once the plaster is dry, the cast is split into two and the two halves are re-bandaged on the outside.

This allows for any swelling that may occur Open or compound fractures — these are thoroughly cleaned in the operating room to remove debris before being set, because a broken bone exposed to the open air may become infected Long bones — long bones such as the bone of the thigh femur are difficult to keep aligned.

In adults these are often treated by internal nailing. A child may need traction for a couple of days before setting the bone in a cast. Once the two ends of bone start to show signs of healing, the leg and hip joint are immobilised in plaster of Paris. This is done under a general anaesthetic. Immediately after an operation on a bone fracture After surgery, your doctor will check that you have full feeling in the area. The healing process for bone fractures Blood clots that form on the broken ends of bone are the start of the healing process.

Other treatments for bone fractures Some bones, such as the collarbone or bones of the toes, are immobilised with a sling or splint instead of plastered and rested for about two months. Complications of bone fractures Possible complications of a bone fracture may include: Poor alignment of the limb Infection Wrongly fitted plaster cast for example, too tight or too loose.

Rest the limb as much as possible. Use the techniques shown to you by nurses to walk or manage day-to-day activities. For example, you risk further injury if you use crutches incorrectly.

Avoid any lifting or driving until the fracture has healed. Instead, use a hairdryer to blow cool air into the cast. Wet plaster can also irritate your skin. When showering, wrap the cast in a plastic bag and tape it directly to your skin, to keep the area watertight. See your doctor immediately if you have swelling, blueness or loss of movement of the fingers or toes, pins and needles, numbness or increased pain. Long-term outlook after a bone fracture In most cases, your cast will be removed after a few weeks but you must treat the limb with care for at least the next month or so.

Where to get help Your doctor Hospital emergency department In an emergency, always call triple zero Things to remember A fracture is a break or a crack in a bone. A fracture occurs when force exerted against a bone is stronger than the bone can structurally withstand. The most common sites for bone fractures are the wrist, ankle and hip. Treatment includes immobilising the bone with a plaster cast, or surgically inserting metal rods or plates to hold the bone pieces together.

Some complicated fractures may need surgery and surgical traction. In most cases, your cast will be removed after a few weeks, but you must treat your limb with care for at least the next month or so. Many products on store shelves claim to boost or support immunity. But the concept of boosting immunity actually makes little sense scientifically.

In fact, boosting the number of cells in your body — immune cells or others — is not necessarily a good thing. For example, athletes who engage in "blood doping" — pumping blood into their systems to boost their number of blood cells and enhance their performance — run the risk of strokes.

Attempting to boost the cells of your immune system is especially complicated because there are so many different kinds of cells in the immune system that respond to so many different microbes in so many ways.

Which cells should you boost, and to what number? So far, scientists do not know the answer. What is known is that the body is continually generating immune cells. Certainly, it produces many more lymphocytes than it can possibly use. The extra cells remove themselves through a natural process of cell death called apoptosis — some before they see any action, some after the battle is won.

No one knows how many cells or what the best mix of cells the immune system needs to function at its optimum level. As we age, our immune response capability becomes reduced, which in turn contributes to more infections and more cancer.

As life expectancy in developed countries has increased, so too has the incidence of age-related conditions. While some people age healthily, the conclusion of many studies is that, compared with younger people, the elderly are more likely to contract infectious diseases and, even more importantly, more likely to die from them.

Respiratory infections, including, influenza , the COVID virus and particularly pneumonia are a leading cause of death in people over 65 worldwide. No one knows for sure why this happens, but some scientists observe that this increased risk correlates with a decrease in T cells, possibly from the thymus atrophying with age and producing fewer T cells to fight off infection.

Whether this decrease in thymus function explains the drop in T cells or whether other changes play a role is not fully understood. Others are interested in whether the bone marrow becomes less efficient at producing the stem cells that give rise to the cells of the immune system. A reduction in immune response to infections has been demonstrated by older people's response to vaccines. For example, studies of influenza vaccines have shown that for people over age 65, the vaccine is less effective compared to healthy children over age 2.

But despite the reduction in efficacy, vaccinations for influenza and S. There appears to be a connection between nutrition and immunity in the elderly. A form of malnutrition that is surprisingly common even in affluent countries is known as "micronutrient malnutrition. Older people tend to eat less and often have less variety in their diets. One important question is whether dietary supplements may help older people maintain a healthier immune system.

Older people should discuss this question with their doctor. Like any fighting force, the immune system army marches on its stomach. Healthy immune system warriors need good, regular nourishment. Scientists have long recognized that people who live in poverty and are malnourished are more vulnerable to infectious diseases.

For example, researchers don't know whether any particular dietary factors, such as processed foods or high simple sugar intake, will have adversely affect immune function. There are still relatively few studies of the effects of nutrition on the immune system of humans.

There is some evidence that various micronutrient deficiencies — for example, deficiencies of zinc, selenium, iron, copper, folic acid, and vitamins A, B6, C, and E — alter immune responses in animals, as measured in the test tube. However, the impact of these immune system changes on the health of animals is less clear, and the effect of similar deficiencies on the human immune response has yet to be assessed. So, what can you do? If you suspect your diet is not providing you with all your micronutrient needs — maybe, for instance, you don't like vegetables — taking a daily multivitamin and mineral supplement may bring other health benefits, beyond any possibly beneficial effects on the immune system.

Taking megadoses of a single vitamin does not. More is not necessarily better. Walk into a store, and you will find bottles of pills and herbal preparations that claim to "support immunity" or otherwise boost the health of your immune system. Although some preparations have been found to alter some components of immune function, thus far there is no evidence that they actually bolster immunity to the point where you are better protected against infection and disease.

Demonstrating whether an herb — or any substance, for that matter — can enhance immunity is, as yet, a highly complicated matter. Scientists don't know, for example, whether an herb that seems to raise the levels of antibodies in the blood is actually doing anything beneficial for overall immunity.

Modern medicine has come to appreciate the closely linked relationship of mind and body.